Methodology
The formulas, assumptions, and source rules behind every calculator. If you can reproduce the math, you can trust the conclusion.
These are the exact equations the calculators run. They are the same formulas lenders, agents, and tax authorities use — nothing proprietary, nothing hidden.
M = P × r(1+r)ⁿ / ((1+r)ⁿ − 1)
M = monthly principal + interest, P = loan amount, r = monthly rate (annual ÷ 12), n = number of months.
The same amortization formula used by lenders worldwide. Property tax and insurance are added separately as monthly amounts, because they are not part of the loan.
Gross yield = annual rent ÷ purchase price × 100
Annual rent = monthly rent × 12.
A headline screening number. It ignores all costs, so two properties with the same gross yield can have very different net yields.
Net yield = (annual rent − annual costs) ÷ value × 100
Costs = property tax, insurance, service charges, vacancy allowance, maintenance.
The number you actually keep. The calculator shows the waterfall from gross to net so every cost is visible.
Cap rate = net operating income ÷ property value × 100
NOI = rent minus operating expenses, before mortgage payments.
Financing-independent, which makes it the cleanest cross-market comparison. Compare it against the risk-free rate to judge whether the premium compensates for risk.
DSCR = net operating income ÷ annual debt service
Annual debt service = 12 × monthly mortgage payment.
Coverage below 1.00 means the property does not cover its own debt. Many investment lenders want at least 1.25.
CoC = annual cash flow after mortgage ÷ cash invested × 100
Cash invested = down payment + closing costs + transfer tax.
Answers the investor question: of the cash I actually put in, how much comes back each year?
Banded rates applied to portions of the price
UK SDLT: 0% ≤£125k, 2% to £250k, 5% to £925k, 10% to £1.5m, 12% above (plus surcharges). Ontario LTT and NSW duty use their own bands.
Banded tax is not a flat percentage — the calculator applies each rate only to the price within that band, exactly as the tax authority does.
Where a number is entered by you, the calculator uses yours. Where a default is needed, this is the policy:
You enter the rate; the calculator does not guess your credit profile. The AI Analyzer uses illustrative market defaults that are labelled as such.
Annual figures you enter or national-average proxies clearly marked illustrative. Local rates vary enormously and the page says so.
Rental calculators use a visible vacancy allowance and maintenance estimate — never hidden inside the yield number.
Computed from each jurisdiction's current bands with a named source and effective date. When a band changes, the change-log page records it.
Conversions use the rate you enter for transparency; we never silently reprice a deal in another currency.
Financial rules change; this site changes with them, on a schedule:
See every recorded change on the change-log page.
LashkariProperties is an educational tool. Its calculators produce estimates from your inputs; they are not lender quotes, offers of finance, or legal, tax, or investment advice. Verify any figure that matters with a licensed professional in your jurisdiction before acting on it.
